{"id":700,"date":"2017-10-31T19:39:05","date_gmt":"2017-10-31T23:39:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mcelfreshmap.com\/tammynoriepress\/?p=700"},"modified":"2017-10-31T19:39:05","modified_gmt":"2017-10-31T23:39:05","slug":"yes-there-is-a-method-to-our-mapness","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mcelfreshmap.com\/tammynoriepress\/yes-there-is-a-method-to-our-mapness\/","title":{"rendered":"Yes! There is a Method to our Mapness"},"content":{"rendered":"

As a historical cartographer–one who doesn’t use a computer to draw or to do research, I could be considered a dinosaur, maybe a buggy whip. But details in mapping are important, especially when recreating a historic place–a place that existed when the population of the United States was 55 million, before the industrial revolution, before oil was discovered and \u00a0long before automobiles were the prefered mode of transportation.<\/p>\n

So how are our maps completed?<\/p>\n

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I use contemporaneous photographs, taken within days of some of the major battles for Gettysburg and Antietam. \u00a0I asked an agronomist, a crop expert, from Cornell \u00a0to study the panoramic photos of these fields to determine the crops in the fields. It was easy to figure out what type of fencing there was, where the orchards were, the extent of the woodlands etc. Essential to the use of these photographs was the 1970\u2019s work of William Frassanito, who painstakingly determined the point-of-view and location of each extant wartime photograph of Gettysburg and Antietam.<\/p>\n

Then I used regimental histories–each regiment would occupy a small sector of the battlefield and their accounts and maps\u00a0 would show their particular sector in great detail. The soldiers\u2019 diaries and letters (this was probably the most literate war in history) also contain many references to their immediate surroundings. Many of them were themselves farmers and they would frequently comment on the crops and fields, fences, barns and orchards. The most poignant research items were \u201cburial\u201d maps. Dead men were often buried right where they had fallen by their fellow soldiers, who were usually their townsmen, friends, even relatives. They would then send the family a very detailed map so they could journey to the battlefield, locate the body and bring it home for burial.<\/p>\n

On the major battlefields such as Gettysburg, Antietam, Stones River in Tennessee, the National Park Service has tons of data that they gladly make available to a researcher.<\/p>\n

Aerial photographs are very revealing if you know what you\u2019re looking for. If I have a reasonably good Civil War era map and it shows a road or a lane that\u2019s vanished, or a barn or a house, if you look very carefully, you can find a footprint or a trace of it. Also, the skeleton features in the landscape \u2013 the rivers, streams, hills, principal roads etc. \u2013 are obviously extant features on todays extremely accurate USGS maps. So those features are immediately drawn on my map,\u00a0 providing an immediate reliable framework.<\/p>\n

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The maps drawn and used by the actual Civil War armies, while not terribly accurate in terms of exact distances and such, are full of the sort of information the armies needed. They wanted the name of residents along the roads because there were no route markers and there were not normally formal names for a given road or lane. The surest way to get reliable directions was to get pointed toward the Smith\u2019s house or the Jones farm. Documenting the residents also gave the armies an idea of the local population. The more residents there were, the more resources there were for the armies to live off. (Union General William Tecumseh Sherman set off across Georgia on November 16,1864 saying, \u201cWhere a million Georgians can live, my army will not starve.)<\/p>\n

The armies also had to know where they could find corn fields, wheat fields, orchards, hay fields, wells, springs etc. because an army on the march needed to feed 30, 40, 50 thousand men\u00a0 and thousands of horses and mules. A typical mule would drink 10 gallons of water a day. Multiply that by 10,000! A Civil War army (and it didn\u2019t matter whether they were friends or enemies, Union or Confederate) would devastate any countryside they marched through. They would take all the food for themselves and all the forage for their animals, drink the wells dry, destroy the fields they camped on, empty the barns, clear out the larders, tear down all the fences (to make their camp fires to brew their coffee) and raise havoc generally. But the armies need to live off the land is great for mapmakers because their military \u201croute\u201d maps detailed this sort of food and forage information so the armies knew where they could march and fend for themselves.<\/p>\n

A great aid in mapping Gettysburg was the work of John Bachelder, who arrived in Gettysburg immediately after the battle. Bachelder marched up and down the field, mapping it, and he had as a resource the thousands of wounded soldiers, Union and Confederate, remaining behind, who he interviewed. His map, a birds-eye view of the field, was very reliable and valuable.<\/p>\n

There were also quite accurate published county maps available of some areas, including Gettysburg, published prior to the Civil War that I used. (They were also used of by the armies and the generals.) Also, soon after the war, the U.S. War Department prepared surveys of many of the major battlefields. These maps were much more detailed and accurate than the maps made under wartime conditions. (The U.S. hired former Confederate mapmakers to work on these surveys. One Rebel named Blackford, who\u2019d sworn he would die rather than live again under the stars and stripes, found himself, within a month of Appomattox happy to be working for the U.S. Army mapping the battlefield<\/p>\n

Finally, almost every Civil War battlefield has people who have devoted their lives to studying \u201ctheir\u201d battle. They know every nook and cranny of the field and like nothing more than to guide someone around the field, point out sites, recommend books and resources, provide access to private lands and to other knowledgeable locals, and in some cases they fix parking tickets incurred locally.<\/p>\n

There are other resources but the above provides a pretty good idea of what\u2019s out there. I decide on the reliability of the information based on the resource I used. Photographs, for example, are irrefutable–at least back then they were, before Photoshop. \u00a0Other data would often be corroborated by some other data. And then you have to wonder why anybody would mislead about the existence of a stone wall or the presence in their front of a rye as opposed to a wheat field.<\/p>\n

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After I have everything in place. \u00a0I get to add trees and terrain. \u00a0I get to print. \u00a0I guess I was given the talent of being able to print–very legibly and very small. And finally I get to watercolor.<\/p>\n

All my maps are done on a desk that \u00a0I found in a barn–it was probably the carriage house for the only New York State governor that hailed from my city.\u00a0 Unfortunately it wasn’t his desk. I needed some thing flat and this table was tucked away, dusty, covered with some weird tack paper–nobody had used it in years.\u00a0 I cleaned it up and gave it a second life.\u00a0 It looked so nice that my landlady wanted it back when we moved.\u00a0 I offered her $25 for it–I had already completed Pea Ridge and Shiloh and was in the middle of Antietam,\u00a0 I was rolling.\u00a0 \u00a0 I can’t remember if she took the money or just let me have it. I am thinking she took it.<\/p>\n